Find out the factors that create job stress and their impact on job performance among the teachers of private educational sector
Author(s)
Dr Hanif muhammed , Zill e Huma , Samreen uzair ,
Download Full PDF Pages: 35-56 | Views: 1436 | Downloads: 394 | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3472309
Volume 6 - September 2017 (09)
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to find out the factors that create job stress and their impact on job performance among the teachers of private educational sector. The independent variables of this study are workload, work environment and monetary rewards and the dependent variable is job performance.
A survey has been conducted with 200 respondents.The Questionnaire is used after pilot testing in order to accomplish the desired objective with the help of respondents’ responses. Test technique that is applied ismultiple regression analysis and ANOVA analysis. This paper attempts to identify the determinants of job stress and its impact on job performance.The analyses of data showed that excessive workload, negative work environment and in sufficient monetary rewards have significant impact on job performance. The results of regression supports the hypothesis that excessive workload, negative environment and insufficient monetary rewards affect the job performance of teachers at work.
Keywords
Workload, Work environment, Monetary reward, Job performance
References
i. Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science; selected theoretical papers. New York: Harper & Row.
ii. French, J.R.P. Jr. (1973). Person-role fit, Occupational Mental Health, 3, 15-20.
iii. Sonnentag, S. & Frese, M. (2003). Stress in Organisations. In W.C. Borman, D.R. Ilgen & R.J. Klimoski (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
iv. French, J.R.P. Jr, Caplan, R.D., & Harrison, R.V. (1982). The mechanisms of job stress and strain. London: Wiley.
v. Lazarus, R.S. & Cohen, J.B. (1977). “Environmental Stress”. In I. Altman and J.F. Wohlwill (eds.), Human Behavior and Environment. (Vol 2) New York: Plenum.
vi. Lazarus, R.S. (1966). Psychological Stress and the Coping Process. New York: McGraw-Hill.
vii. Nazari, K., & Emami, M. (2012). The investigation of the relation between job stress and job satisfaction. Advances in natural and applied sciences, 6(2), 219-229.
viii. Chaudhry, A.Q. (2012). An Analysis of Relationship between Occupational Stress and Demographics in Universities. Bulletin of Education and Research, 34(2), 1-18.
ix. Raza, A. (2012). Relationship between occupational stress and job satisfaction. Elixir International Journal, 43, 6913-6920.
x. Anonymous, (1997). Job Satisfaction among America’s Teachers: Effects of Workplace Conditions, Background Characteristics, and Teacher Compensation (Statistical Analysis Report). U.S.: Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics.
xi. Santhosh, (2014). Factors Influencing the Organizational Stress among Teachers Working in Higher Education Sector. Research and Pedagogic Interventions, 2(2).
xii. McCormick, J. (1997). Occupational stress of teachers: Biographical differences in a large school system. Journal of Educational Administration, 35, 18-38.
xiii. Cascio, W.F., (1995). Wither industrial and organizational psychology in a Changing world. American Psychologist, 50, 928-939.
xiv. Ahmed, A., & Ramzan, M. (2013). Effects of Job Stress on Employees Job Performance, a Study on Banking Sector of Pakistan. Journal of Business and Management, 11(6), 61-68.
xv. Ratnawat, (2014). Impact of Job Related Stress on Employee Performance. Journal of Business and Management, 16(11), 01-06.
xvi. Zafar, Q. et al, (2015). The Influence of Job Stress on Employees Performance in Pakistan. American Journal of Social Science, 1(4), 221-225.
xvii. Trivellas, P. (2013). The effect of job related stress on employees' satisfaction: A survey in Health Care. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences,73, 718 – 726.
xviii. Jamal, M. (2005). Burnout among Canadian and Chinese employees: a cross-cultural study. European Management Review, 224-230.
xix. Showkat, (2013). Job stress and its impact on employee motivation: a study of a select commercial bank. International Journal of Business and Management, 2(3), 13-18.
xx. Sagar, S., & Amin, A. (2014). A study of relationship between job stress and job involvement with reference to banking industry. International Journal of Management Research, 2(7), 199-217.
xxi. Emami, F., et al, (2013). Teacher’s Job Attitudes: Comparison and Relationship between Organizational Commitment and Job Involvement. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(1), 7-11.
xxii. Mosadeghrad, et al, (2011). A study of relationship between job stress, quality of working life and turnover intention among hospital employees. Health Services Management Research, 24, 170–181.
xxiii. Schaufeli, W.B. & Bakker, A.B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 25(3), 1–23.
xxiv. Terry, D.J., Nielsen, M., & Perchard, L. (1993). Effects of work stress on psychological well-being and job satisfaction. Australian Journal of Psychology, 45(3), 168–175
xxv. Fairbrother, K. & Warn, J. (2003). Workplace dimnsions, stress and job satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(1), 8– 21.
xxvi. Rothmann, S. (2010). Job satisfaction, occupational stress, burnout and work engagement as components of work -related wellbeing. SAJournal of Industrial Psychology, 34(3), 11-16
xxvii. Singh, T, et al, (2007). Relationship of Stress and Job Satisfaction: A Comparative Study of Male & Female of Dual Career Teacher Couples of India. Indian Institute of Management Bangalore.
xxviii. Cooper, C. L. & Marshall, J. (1976). Occupational sources of stress: A review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 49, 11-28.
xxix. Beehr, T. A. and Newman, J. (1978). Job stress, employee health, and organizational effectiveness. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 31, 665-699
xxx. McGrath, 1.E. (1976). Stress and Behavior in Organizations. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1351-1385.
xxxi. Larson, L. L. (2004). Internal auditors and job stress. Managerial Auditing Journal, 19(9), 1119-1130.
xxxii. Khan, K., & Imtiaz, A. Occupational Stressors and Employee Performance in Service Sector of Lahore, Pakistan. Journal of Research (Humanities), 115_141
xxxiii. Usman, A., Ahmed, Z., Ahmed, I., & Akbar, Z. (2011). Work Stress Experienced by the Teaching Staff of University of the Punjab, Pakistan: Antecedents and Consequences. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(8).
xxxiv. Repley, D. (2003). Methodology for Determining Employee Perceptions of Factors in the Work Environment that Impact on Employee Development and Performance. Human Resource Development International, 69(10), 85-100
xxxv. Atambo, W. N., Enock, O. and Nyamwamu, W. B. (2013). The effect of perceived work conditions on job satisfaction: a survey of the ministry of education field officers, Kenya. Global Business and Economics Research Journal, 2(5), 25-41.
xxxvi. Armstrong, M. (2009). A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. 10th Ed. London: Kogan Page.
xxxvii. Nawab, S. (2011), Influence of Employee Compensation on Organization Commitment and Job Satisfaction: A Case Study of Educational Sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(8), 25-32
xxxviii. Ollukkaran, B. A., & Gunaseelan, R. (2012). A study on the impact of work environment on employee performance. Namex International Journal of Management Research, 2, 70-85.
xxxix. Naharuddin, N. M., & Sadegi, M. (2013). Factors of workplace environment that affect employee’s performance: A case study of Miyazu Malaysia. International Journal of Independent Research and Studies, 2, 66-78.
xl. Shafini, et al, (2015). Relationship between Employee Motivation and Job Performance. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4), 632-638
xli. Raziq, A., & Maulabakhsh, R. (2015). Impact of working environment on job satisfaction. Procedia Economics and Finance, 23, 717-725
xlii. Hanaysha, J, (2016). Determinants of Job Satisfaction in Higher Education Sector: Empirical Insights from Malaysia. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 6(1), 129-146.
xliii. Lee-Kelley, L., Blackman, D. A., & Hurst, J. P. (2007). An exploration of the relationship between learning organizations and the retention of knowledge workers. The Learning Organization, 14(3), 204-221.
xliv. Leslie, B., Aring, M. K., & Brand, B. (1998). Informal learning: The new frontier of employee & organizational development. Economic Development Review, 15(4), 12
xlv. Aseanty, D, (2016), Impact of Working Ability, Motivation and Working Condition to Employee’s Performance; Case in Private Universities in West Jakarta. International Journal of Sustainable Development, 9(4), 35-41.
xlvi. Aljona Shchuka, 2010, STRESS AT WORK, Stress Management, UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
xlvii. Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work Redesign, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
xlviii. Spector, P. E., (1997). Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Causes, and Consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
xlix. Porter, S.R., and Umbach, P., 2000. “Analyzing Faculty Workload Data Using Multilevel Modeling. AIR 200 Annual Forum, (39-56).
l. Noraani & Wee Yu, 2013. Examining Faculty Workload as Antecedent of Job Satisfaction among Academic Staff of Higher Public Education in Kelantan, Malaysia. Business and Management Horizon, 1(1), 10-16.
li. Houston, D., Meyer, L. H., and Paewai, S. (2006). Academic Staff Workloads and Job Satisfaction: Expectations and values in academe. Journal of Higher Education Policy & Management, 28(1), 17-30.
lii. Noraani, 2013. Measuring Job Satisfaction from the Perspective of Interpersonal Relationship and Faculty Workload among Academic Staff at Public Universities in Kelantan, Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(15), 120-124.
liii. Nurul Aini, 2013. The effects of worker stress on the job performance in electronic manufacturing. University Malaysia Pahang, 1-15.
liv. Ferguson, K, et al, (2012). Predicting Teacher Anxiety, Depression, and Job Satisfaction. Journal of teaching and learning, 8(1), 27-42.
lv. Felistus, M, et al, 2016. Effects of Work-Related Stress on Teachers‟ Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Kikuyu Sub County, Kenya. International Journal of Science and Research, 5(5),1645-1652
lvi. Unterbrink, T et al. (2007). Burnout and effort-reward imbalance of German teachers. Journal of Occupational Environment and Health, 80, 433-441.
lvii. Robbins SP, Odendaal A, Roodt G, (2003). Organizational Behavior; how Does Money Really Motivate;
lviii. -does money really motivate, Global and South African Perspectives, Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. Ramms M (2007).
lix. Armstrong M (2007). Organization and People Employee Reward. Broadway Wimbledon: CIPD publishers.
lx. Martha & Herbert, (2013). The Impact of Monetary and Non-Monetary Rewards on Motivation. African Journal of Business Management, 7(38), 3929-3935.
lxi. Kelley, C (1999) ‘The Motivational Impact of School-Based Performance Awards’, Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 12 (4), pp 309-326.
lxii. Ali, W, et al, (2014). Impact of Stress on Job Performance: An Empirical study of the Employees of Private Sector Universities of Karachi, Pakistan. Research Journal of Management Sciences, 3(17), 14-17.
lxiii. Nazir. T, et al, (2013). Impact of Rewards and Compensation on Job Satisfaction: Public and Private Universities of UK. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 14(3), 394-403.
lxiv. Bruno, James E. and Negrete, Edward (1983). Analysis of teacher wage incentive programs for promoting staff stability in a large urban school district, Urban Review, 15, 3, 139-149.
lxv. Chapman, D.W., et al, (1993). Teacher incentives in the Third World, Teachers and Teacher Education, 9(3), 301-316.
lxvi. Vanden, J (2011). Job Satisfaction and Job Performance at the Work Place. Arcada, international business, 1-51
lxvii. Hunter, J. E., & Hunter, R. F. (1984). Validity and utility of alternative predictors of job performance. Psychological Bulletin, 96, (72-98).
lxviii. Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmit & W. C. Borman (Eds.), Personnel selection in organizations (71-98).
lxix. Murphy, K. R. (1989). Dimensions of job performance. In R. F. Dillon and J. W. Pellegrino (Eds.) Testing: Theoretical and Applied Perspectives (218-247)
lxx. Vroom, V.H. & Deci, E.L. (1970). An overview of work motivation. Management and motivation, 9-19.
lxxi. Cooper, C., and Dewe, P. (2008), “Well-being: Absenteeism, presentism, costs and challenges”, Occupational Medicine. 522–524
lxxii. Danna. R., and Griffin, S. (2002), “Health and wellbeing in the workplace: a review and synthesis of the literature”, Journal of Management.101
lxxiii. Lepine, J., Lepine, M., and Jackson, C. (2004), “Challenge and hindrance stress: Living with exhaustion, motivation to learn, and learning performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology. 883–895
lxxiv. Rao, D.B. and Kumar, D.N. (2004). School Teacher Effectiveness, New Delhi, Discovery Publishing House, 89.
lxxv. Wang, C., Yen, C., & Liu, G. (2015). How intellectual influence individual performance: A Multi-level perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 51(2), 930-937.
lxxvi. Ali, W., Raheem, A., Nawaz, A. and Imam Uddin, K. (2014), Impact of Stress on Job Performance: An Empirical study of the Employees of Private Sector Universities of Karachi, Pakistan. International Science Congress Association, 3(7), 14-17.
lxxvii. Idris, M. (2011). Over time effects of role stress on psychological strain among Malaysian Public University Academics. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(1), 44-48
lxxviii. Nagib, M. et al, (2016). The impact of job stress on job performance: a case study on academic staff at Dhofar University. International Journal of Economic Research, 13(1), 21-33.
lxxix. Kusku, F. (2003). Employee satisfaction in higher education: the case of academic and administrative staff in Turkey. Career Dev. Int. 8(7): 347-356.
lxxx. Noraani, (2013). Measuring Job Satisfaction from the Perspective of Interpersonal Relationship and Faculty Workload among Academic Staff at Public Universities in Kelantan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(15), 120
lxxxi. Alam, M., & Farid, S. (2011). Factors affecting teacher’s motivation. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(1), 298-304.
lxxxii. Bishay, A. (1996). Teacher motivation and job satisfaction: a study employing the experience sampling method. Journal of Undergraduate Sciences, 3, 147-154.
lxxxiii. Latt, K. A., 2008. Motivating people on the way towards organizational performance. Covalence Analyst Papers: 1-4.
lxxxiv. Joe, S. (2010). Assessing job self-efficacy and organizational commitment considering a mediating role of information asymmetry. Social Science Journal, 47(3), 541-559.
lxxxv. Mark. O. (2010). Factors Affecting Commitment of Public School Teachers in Kenya .MBA Research Project: Kenyatta University.
Cite this Article: