Malicious Envy in the Workplace And Intangible Capital: An Interpretation from the Perspective of Management.

Author(s)

Federica Ricci , Vincenzo Scafarto ,

Download Full PDF Pages: 24-35 | Views: 367 | Downloads: 117 | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3463014

Volume 4 - November 2015 (11)

Abstract

In the last few years the topic of envy has been addressed in an increasing number of studies from different theoretical perspectives. However this subject has received a relatively scant attention in management studies, notwithstanding the fact that envy is quite widespread within organizational contexts. In an attempt to bridge this gap, this paper aims to address the theme of envy in the workplace from a management perspective. The hypothesis at the heart of this contribution is the following: under some circumstances workplace envy represents a critical issue to business organizations, in that it may affect the development and the value-creation potential of a company’s human capital and relational capital. This hypothesis will be dealt with through a qualitative research approach: firstly, a review of the literature on envy, from an interdisciplinary perspective, is presented; then the topic of envy in the workplace will be analyzed and its organizational effects outlined; finally some useful tools for the management of envy in the workplace will be proposed. 

Keywords

envy, stress, workplace, human capital, relational capital.

References

  1. Aaron, A. (1979). Health, Stress, and Coping. Canada: Wiley & Sons.
  2. Abraham, K. (1921). Äusserungsformen des weiblichen Kastrationskomplexes, in Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse, VII: 422-452.
  3. Adler, P. S., & Known, S. W. (2002). Social Capital: Prospects for a New Concept. Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 17-40.
  4. Alavi, M., & Leidner, D. E. (2001). Review: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems: Conceptual Foundations and Research Issues. MIS Quarterly, 25(1), 107-136. Retrieved from http://mgmt.iisc.ernet.in/~piyer/Knowledge_Manageme nt/KM%20and%20KMS%20Conceptual%20Foundatio ns%20and%20Research%20Issues%20MIS%20Quarte rly%2025%201%20March%20201.pdf
  5. Alicke, M. D., LoSchiavo, F. M., Zerbst, J., & Zhang, S. (1997). The Person Who Outperforms Me Is a Genius: Maintaining Perceived Competence in Upward Social Comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(4), 781-789.
  6. Anderson, R. E. (2002). Envy and Jealousy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 56(4), 455-480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J035v01n04_04
  7. Aquaro, G. R. A. (2004). Death by Envy: The Evil Eye and Envy in the Christian Tradition. Lincoln: iUniverse.
  8. Argyle, M. (1994). The Psychology of Interpersonal Behavior. London: Penguin.
  9. Aristotle (1941). Rhetoric. In R. McKeaon (Ed.), The Basic Works of Aristotle. New York: Random House (Original work published in 322 BC).
  10. Becker, B., & Gerhart, B. (1996). The Impact of Human Resource Management on Organizational Performance: Progress and Prospects. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 779-801. doi: 10.2307/256712.
  11. Beckman, S. R., Formby, J. P., Smith, W. J., & Zheng, B. (2002). Envy, Malice and Pareto Efficiency: An Experimental Investigation. Social Choice and Welfare, 19(2), 349-367. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00355010 0116
  12. Ben-Ze‟ev, A. (1990). Envy and Jealousy. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 20(4), 487-516. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00455091 .1990.10716502
  13. Berke, J. H. (1986). Shame and Envy. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 2(4), 262-270. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1752- 0118.1986.tb01341.x/epdf
  14. Berkowitz, L. (1989). Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis: Examination and Reformulation. Psychological Bulletin, 106(1), 59-73. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10. 1.1.321.3829&rep=rep1&type=pd.
  15. Bion, W. R. (1992). Cogitations. London: Karnak Books.
  16. Blum, R., & Blum, E. (1965). Health and Healing in Rural Greece: A Study of Three Communities. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  17. Brigham, N. L., Kelso, K. A., Jackson, M. A., & Smith, R. H. (1997). The Roles of Invidious Comparisons and Deservingness in Sympathy and Schadenfreude. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 19(3), 363-380. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s1532483 4basp1903_6
  18. Cartwright, S., & Cooper, C. L. (1997). Managing Workplace Stress. California: Sage Publications Inc.
  19. Celse, J. (2009). Will Joe the Plumber Envy Bill Gates? The Impact of Absolute and Relative Differences on Both Individual Satisfaction and Behavior. LAMETA Working Papers. DT2009-26.
  20. Celse, J. (2010). Envy in Otello: can effort explain such a tragic issue? LAMETA Working Papers. DT2010-23.
  21. Charness, G., & Grosskopf, B. (2001). Relative payoffs and happiness: an experimental study. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 45(3), 301-328. Retrieved from http://repositori.upf.edu/bitstream/handle/10230/851/43 6.pdf?sequence=1
  22. Choi, Y.B. (1993). Entrepreneurship and envy. Constitutional Political Economy, 4(3), 331-347.
  23. Cohen-Charash, Y. (2007). Does Perceived Unfairness Exacerbate or Mitigate Interpersonal Counterproductive Work Behaviors Related to Envy?. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 92(3), 666-680. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.3.666
  24. Cohen-Charash, Y. (2009). Episodic envy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(9), 2128-2173. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1559- 1816.2009.00519.x/pdf
  25. Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, Supplement: Organizations and Institutions: Sociological and Economic Approaches to the Analysis of Social Structure, S95-S120. Retrieved from http://courseweb.lis.illinois.edu/~katewill/forchina/readings/coleman%201988%20social%20capital. pdf
  26. Cooper, G. L. (1998). Theories of organizational stress. New York: Oxford University Press.
  27. Cottrell, C. A., & Neuberg, S. T. (2005). Different Emotional Reactions to Different Groups: A Sociofunctional Threat-Based Approach to “Prejudice”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(5), 770-789. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10. 1.1.323.4745&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  28. Crusius, J., & Lange, J. (2014). What catches the envious eye? Attentional biases within malicious and benign envy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 1-11. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022 103114000729
  29. D‟Arms, J. (2002). Envy. Retrieved October 11, 2005, from Stanford University, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Web site: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/envy/
  30. D‟Arms, J., & Kerr, A. D. (2008). Envy in the Psychological Tradition. In R. H. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and Research. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  31. De la Mora, G. F. (1987). Egalitarian Envy. The Political Foundations of Social Justice. Lincoln: Paragon House.
  32. Dill, J. C., & Anderson, C. A. (1995). Effects of Frustration Justification on Hostile Aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 21(5), 359-369. doi: 10.1002/1098- 2337(1995)21:5<_x0033_59:_x003a_AID-AB2480210505>3.0.CO;2- 6
  33. Dogan, K., & Vecchio, R. P. (2001). Managing Envy and Jealousy in the Workplace. Compensation & Benefit Review, 33(2), 57-64. doi: 10.1177/08863680122098298.
  34. Dollard, J., Doob, L. W., Miller, N. E., Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and Aggression. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  35. Drucker, P. F. (2006). Classic Drucker. USA: Harvard Business Review Book.
  36. Duffy M. K., & Shaw, J. D. (2000). The Salieri Syndrome. Consequences of Envy in Groups. Small Group Research, 31(1), 3-23. doi: 10.1177/104649640003100101.
  37. Duffy, M. K., Scott, K. L., Shaw, J. D., Tepper, B. J., & Aquino, K. (2012). A Social Context Model of Envy and Social Undermining. Academy of Management Journal, 55(3), 643-666.
  38. Duffy, M. K., Shaw, J. D., & Schaubroeck, J. M. (2008). Envy in Organizational Life. In R. H. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and research (167-189). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  39. Dunn, J. R., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2004). Too Good to Be Trusted? Relative Performance, Envy, and Trust. Academy of Management Proceedings. doi:10.5465/AMBPP.2004.13862773
  40. Dunn, J. R., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2006). Green and Mean: Envy and Social Undermining in Organizations, in A. E. Tenbrunsel (Ed.), Ethics in Groups (Research on Managing Groups and Teams, Vol. 8, pp.177-197) Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  41. Edvinsson, L., & Malone, M. S. (1997). Intellectual Capital: Realizing Your Company’s True Value by Finding its Hidden Brainpower. New York: Harper Business
  42. Elster, J. (1991). Envy in Social Life. In R. Zeckhauser, Strategy and Choice (49-82). Cambridge, USA: MIT Press.
  43. Epstein, J. (2003). Envy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  44. Etchegoyen, R. H., Lopez, B. M., & Rabih, M. (1987). On Envy and How to Interpret it, The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 68(Pt 1), 49-61.
  45. Farber, L. (1961). Faces of envy. Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry, 6(2): 131-140.
  46. Fineman, S. (2003). Understanding Emotion at Work. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
  47. Fitz-Enz, J. (2000). The ROI of Human Capital: Measuring the Economic Value of Employee Performance. New York: Amacon.
  48. Forrester, J. (1997). Dispatches for the Freud wars. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  49. Foster, G. M. (1972). The Anatomy of Envy: A Study in Symbolic Behavior. Current Anthropology, 13(2), 165- 202. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2740970
  50. Freud, S. (1900), Die Traumdeutung, Franz Deuticke, Leipzig und Wien.
  51. Freud, S. (1913), Totem und Tabu: Einige Übereinstimmungen im Seelenleben der Wilden und der Neurotiker, Beacon Pressm Boston.
  52. Freud, S. (1927), Die Zukunft einer illusion, Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, Leipzig, Wien, Zürich.
  53. Girard, R. (1991). A Theatre of Envy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  54. Glick, P. (2002). Sacrificial Lambs Dressed in Wolves‟ Clothing: Envious Prejudice, Ideology, and the Scapegoating of Jews. In L. S. Newman, & R. Erber (Eds), What social psychology can tell us about the Holocaust (pp. 130–134). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  55. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., & McKee, A. (2002). Primal Leadership. Harvard, Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing.
  56. Hagedorn, A. C., & Neyrey, J. H. (1998). It was out of envy that they handed Jesus over (Mark 15:10): The anatomy of Envy and the gospel of Mark. Journal for the Study of the new Testament, 20(69), 15-56.
  57. Hall, R. (1992). The Strategic Analysis of Intangible Resources. Strategic Management Journal, 13(2): 135- 144.
  58. Hans, S. (1956).The stress of life. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  59. Hegel, G. W. H. (2001) Philosophy of Right. Retrieved from http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/heg el/right.pdf
  60. Hegel, G.W.F. (1991), Elements of the philosophy of right1770/1831, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.
  61. Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  62. Heikkinen, E., Latvala, E., & Isola, A. (2003). Envy in a Nurse Education Community. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 40(3), 259-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7489(02)00084-6
  63. Hill, S. E., & Buss, D. M. (2008). The Evolutionary Psychology of Envy. In R. H. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and Research. Series in Affective Science (60- 70), New York: Oxford University Press.
  64. Hill, S. E., DelPriore, D. J., & Vaughan, P. W. (2011). The Cognitive Consequences of Envy: Attention, Memory, and Self-Regulatory Depletion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(4), 653-666. doi: 10.1037/a0023904
  65. Hitt, M. A., Biermant, L., Shimizu, K., & Rahul, K. (2001). Direct and Moderating effects of human capital on strategy and performance in professional service firms: a resource-based perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1), 13-28. doi: 10.2307/3069334.
  66. Howells, J. (1996). Tacit Knowledge. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 8(2), 91-106. doi: 10.1080/09537329608524237
  67. Huselid, M. A. (1995). The Impact of Human Capital Resource Management Practices on Turnover, Productivity, and Corporate Financial Performance. Academy of management journal, 38(3), 635-672. doi: 10.2307/256741.
  68. Joeffe, W. G. (1969). A Critical Review of the Status of the Envy Concept. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 50, 533-545.
  69. Kacmar, K. M., Zivnuska, S., & White, C. D. (2007). Control and Exchange: The Impact of Work Environment on the Work Effort of Low Relationship Quality Employees. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(1), 69-84.
  70. Kasser, T. (2002), The High Price of Materialism. Cambridge, USA: MIT Press.
  71. Kets de Vries, M. F. R. (2004). Organizations on the Couch: A Clinical Perspective on Organizational Dynamics. European Management Journal, 22(2), 183–200.
  72. Kim, H. J., & Hupka, R. B. (2002). Comparison of associative meaning of the concepts of anger, envy, fear, romantic jealousy, and sadness between English and Korean. Cross-Cultural Research, 36(3), 229–255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10697102036003003
  73. Klein, M., (1957). Envy and Gratitude and Other Works: 1946-1963. New York: Free Press.
  74. Knack, S., & Keefer, P. (1997). Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), 1251- 1288.
  75. Lacan, J. (1973). The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho-Analysis. London: Karnac Books.
  76. Lam, C. K., Van der Vegt, G. S., Walter, F., & Huang, X. (2011). Harming High Performers: A Social Comparison Perspective on Interpersonal Harming in Work Teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(3), 588-601.
  77. Laverde-Rubio, E. (2004). Envy: One or Many? The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 85(2), 401- 418.
  78. Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological Stress and the Coping Process. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  79. Lazarus, R. S. (1995). Psychological Stress in the Workplace. In R. Crandall, & P. L. Perrewe (Ed.), Occupational Stress (2-13). New York: Taylor & Francis.
  80. Lazarus, R. S., & Smith, C. A. (1978). Stress-Related Transaction Between Person and Environment. In L. A. Pervin, & M. Lewis (Eds.), Perspectives in Interactional Psychology (287-327). New York: Plenum.
  81. Lazarus, R. S., Deese, J., & Osler, S. F. (1952). The Effects of Psychological Stress Upon Performance. Psychological Bulletin, 49(4), 293-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0061145
  82. Leach, C. W., Spears, R., Branscombe, N. R., & Doosje, B. (2003). Malicious Pleasure: Schadenfreude at the Suffering of Another Group. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(5), 932-943. doi:10.1037/00223514.84.5.932.
  83. Locke, E. A., & Taylor, M. S. (1991). Stress, Coping and The Meaning of Work. In A. Monat, & R. S. Lazarus (Eds.), Stress and Coping: An Anthology (140-157). New York: Columbia University Press.
  84. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-396. doi: 10.1037/h0054346.
  85. McClelland, D. C. (1967). The Achieving Society. New York: MacMillan Press.
  86. Meister, J. C., & Willyerd, K. (2010). The 2020 Workplace. New York: HarperCollins.
  87. Miller, R. L., Griffin, M. A., & Hart, P. M. (1999). Personality and Organizational Health: The Role of Conscientiousness. Work & Stress, 13(1), 7-19. doi: 10.1080/026783799296156.
  88. Mui, V.-L. (1995). The Economics of Envy. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 26, 311-336. Retrieved from http://web.econ.unito.it/gma/massimo/sdt/sdt/mui95.pd f
  89. Nafukho, F. M., Hairston, N., & Brooks, K. (2004). Human Capital Theory: Implications for Human Resource Development. Human Resource Development International, 7(4), 545-551. doi: 10.1080/1367886042000299843.
  90. Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242-266. Retrieved from http://staffweb.hkbu.edu.hk/vwschow/lectures/ism3620 /rp01.pdf
  91. Neu, J. (1980). Jealous thoughts. In A. Rorty (Ed.), Explaining Emotions (425-463). Berkeley: University of California Press.
  92. Nonaka, I. (1991). The Knowledge-Creating Company. Harvard Business Review, November-December, 97- 104. Retrieved from http://www3.uma.pt/filipejmsousa/ge/Nonaka,%20199 1.pdf
  93. Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York: Basic Book.
  94. Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988). The Cognitive Structure of Emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  95. Özkoç, A. G., & Çalışkan, N. (2015). The Impact of Organizational Envy on Organizational Climate Created among Employees: An Application in Accommodation Enterprises. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(1), 40-49.
  96. Palaver, W. (2005). Envy or Emulation: A Christian Understanding of Economic Passions. In W. Palaver, & P. Steinmair-Pösel (Eds.), Passions in Economy, Politics, and the Media (139-162). Vienna: Lit Verlag.
  97. Parks, C. D., Rumble, A. C., & Posey, D. C. (2002). The Effects of Envy on Reciprocation in a Social Dilemma. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(4), 509-520. doi: 10.1177/0146167202287008.
  98. Parrott, W. G. (1991). The Emotional Experiences of Envy and Jealousy. In P. Salovey (Ed.), The Psychology of Jealousy and Envy (3-30). New York: The Guilford Press.
  99. Parrott, W. G., & Smith, R. H. (1993). Distinguishing the Experiences of Envy and Jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(6), 906-920.
  100. Parrott, W., Gerrod, W., & Richard, H. (1993). Distinguishing the Experiences of Envy and Jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(6), 906-920. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.64.6.906.
  101. Perini, M. (2014). The Power of Envy: A Poison for Workplace and Organizational Life. In H. Brunning (Ed.), Psychoanalytic Essays on Power and Vulnerability. London: Karnac.
  102. Pines, A. M. (1998). Romantic Jealousy: Causes, symptoms, cures. NY: Routledge.
  103. Polani, M. (1967). The Tacit Dimension. London: Routledge & K. Paul.
  104. Porters, A. (2000). Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology. In E.L. Lesser, Knowledge and Social Capital (43-68). Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  105. Putnam, R. (1993). The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life. In K. L. Blair, J. Almjeld, & R. M. Murphy, Cross Currents (249-258). Boston: Cengage Learning.
  106. Racker, H. (1957). Contribution to the Problem of Psychopathological Stratification. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 38, 223-239.
  107. Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  108. Rifkin, J. (2009). The Empathic Civilization. New York: Penguin.
  109. Rosenfeld, H.A. (1965). Psychotic state: a psychoanalytical approach, Karnac Ltd, London.
  110. Russell, B. (1930). The Conquest of Happiness. New York: Liveright.
  111. Salovey, P. (1991). Social Comparison Processes in Envy and Jealousy. In J. Suls, & T.A. Wills (Eds.), Social Comparison: Contemporary Theory and Research (261-285). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  112. Salovey, P., & Rodin, J. (1986). The Differentiation of Social-comparison Jealousy and Romantic Jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(6), 1100-1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.50.6.1100
  113. Salovey, P., & Rodin, J. (1991). Envy and Jealousy: Self and Society. In P. Salovey (Ed.), The Psychology of Jealousy and Envy (271-286). New York: Guilford Press.
  114. Salovey, P., & Rodin, J., (1984). Some Antecedents and Consequences of Social-Comparison Jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(4), 780-792.
  115. Schaubroeck, J., & Lam, S. S. K. (2004). Comparing Lots Before and After: Promotion Rejectees' Invidious Reactions to Promotees. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 94(1), 33-47. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2004.01.001
  116. Scheler, M. (1912). Das ressentiment im Aufau der morale. Frankfurt am Main.
  117. Schimmel, S. (2008). Envy in Jewish Thought and Literature. In R. S. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and Research (17-38). New York: Oxford University Press.
  118. Schoeck, H. (1969). Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.
  119. Segal, H. (1968). Introduction to the work of Melanie Klein. London: Karnak Books.
  120. Seyle, H. (1956). The Stress of life. New York: McGrawHill.
    Silver, M., & Sabini, J. (1978). The Perception of Envy. Social Psychology, 41(2), 105-117.
  121. Simpson, G. E. (1941). Haiti‟s Social Structure. American Sociological Review, 6, 640-649.
  122. Smith, R. H. (1991). Envy and the Sense of Injustice. In P. Salovey (Ed.), Psychological Perspectives on Jealousy and Envy (79–99). New York: Guilford.
  123. Smith, R. H. (Ed.). (2008). Envy: Theory and research. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  124. Smith, R. H., & Kim, S. H. (2007). Comprehending Envy. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 46-64. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.46.
  125. Smith, R. H., Parrott, W. G., Diener, E. F., Hoyle, R. H., & Hee Kim, S. (1999). Dispositional Envy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(8), 1007-1020. doi: 10.1177/01461672992511008.
  126. Smith, R. H., Parrott, W. G., Ozer, D., & Moniz, A. (1994). Subjective Injustice and Inferiority as Predictors of Hostile and Depressive Feelings in Envy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(6), 705–711. doi: 10.1177/0146167294206008
  127. Stein, M. (1997). Envy and Leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 6(4), 453- 465.
  128. Stein, M. (2000). After Eden: Envy and the Defences against Anxiety Paradigm. Human Relations, 53(2), 193-211.
  129. Stewart, T. A. (2007). The Wealth of Knowledge: Intellectual Capital and the Twenty-First Century. New York: Doubleday.
  130. Stewart, T. A., & Ruckdeschel, C. (1998). Intellectual capital: the new wealth of organizations. Performance Improvement, 37(7), 56-59. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pfi.4140370 713/pdf
  131. Tai, K., Narayanan, J., & McAllister, D. M. (2012). Envy as Pain: Rethinking the Nature of Envy and Its Implications for Employees and Organizations. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 107-129. doi:10.5465/amr.2009.0484
  132. Taylor, G. (1988). Envy and Jealousy: Emotions and Vices. Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 13(1), 233-249.
  133. Teitelbaum, J. M. (1976). Tunisia. The Leer and the Loom – Social Controls on Handloom Weavers. In C. Moloney (Ed.), The Evil Eye (223-279). New York: Columbia University Press.
  134. Temple, J., & Johnson, P. A. (1998). Social Capability and Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(3), 965-990. Retrieved from http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~kslin/macro2009/Temple %20and%20Johnson%201998.pdf
  135. Tesser, A. (1991). Emotion in Social Comparison and Reflection Processes. In J. M. Suls, & T. A. Wills (Eds.), Social comparison: Contemporary theory and research (115-145). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  136. Thernstrom, M. (1998). Halfway Heaven: Diary of a Harvard Murder. New York, NY: Doubleady.
  137. Tsai, W., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social Capital and Value Creation: The Role of Intrafirm Networks. Academy of management journal, 41(4), 464-476. http://www.jstor.org/stable/257085
  138. van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2009). Levelling Up and Down: The Experiences of Benign and Malicious Envy. Emotion, 9(3), 419-429. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marcel_Zeelenberg /publication/26256430_Leveling_up_and_down_the_e xperiences_of_benign_and_malicious_envy/links/0dee c51781189677aa000000.pdf
  139. van De Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2011). The Envy Premium in Product Evaluation. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(6), 984-998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/657239
  140. Vecchio, R. P. (2000). Negative Emotion in the Workplace: Employee Jealousy and Envy. International Journal of Stress Management, 7(3), 161-179. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A100 9592430712
  141. Vecchio, R. P. (2005). Explorations in Employee Envy: Feeling Envious and Feeling Envied. Cognition & Emotion, 19(1), 69-81. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02699930 441000148?journalCode=pcem20
  142. Vidaillet, B. (2008). Workplace Envy. London: Plagrave McMillan.
  143. Walcot, P. (1978). Envy and the Greeks. Warminster, UK: Aris & Philipps.
  144. Walker, I., & Smith, H. J. (2002). Relative deprivation: Specification, development, and integration. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  145. Watson, D., Pennebaker, J. W., & Folger, R. (1987). Measuring Stress and Satisfaction in the Workplace. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 8(2), 141-158. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J075v08n 02_09?journalCode=worg20#.VYrNLxvtlBc.
  146. White, J. B., Langer, E. J., Yariv, L., & Welch, J. C. (2006). Frequent Social Comparisons and Destructive Emotions and Behaviors: The Dark Side of Social Comparisons. Journal of Adult Development, 13(1), 36- 44. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10804- 006-9005-0.
  147. Wiig, K. M. (1997). Knowledge Management: An Introduction and Perspective. Journal of Knowledge Management, 1(1), 6-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673279710800682
  148. Wobker, I. (2014). The Price of Envy-An Experimental Investigation of Spiteful Behavior. Managerial and Decision Economics, 36(5), 326-335. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mde.2672/p df.
  149. Zizzo, D. J. (2003). Money Burning and Rank Egalitarianism with Random Dictators, Economics Letters, 81(2), 263-266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1765(03).
  150. Zizzo, D. J. (2004). Inequality and procedural fairness in a money-burning and stealing experiment, in F. Cowell (Ed.), Inequality, Welfare and Income Distribution: Experimental Approaches (Research on Economic Inequality, 11), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 215247.
  151. Zizzo, D. J. (2008). The Cognitive and Behavioral Economics of Envy. In R. H. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and Research (190-210). New York: Oxford University Press.
  152. Zizzo, D. J., & Oswald, A. J. (2001). Are People Willing to Pay to Reduce Others‟ Incomes?. Annales d’Economie et de Statistique, 63/64, 39-65. Retrieved from http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/ajo swald/finaljuly13paris.pdf

Cite this Article: