Effect of Characteristics on the Intention of Students to Study Away in Vietnam
Author(s)
Dr. Phuong Huu Tung , Dr. Nguyen Nghi Thanh ,
Download Full PDF Pages: 44-60 | Views: 483 | Downloads: 134 | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5266516
Abstract
Experiencing real life and studying in a country with advanced education in the world is a rewarding learning experience for many Vietnamese students. As a result, the number of Vietnamese students going abroad to pursue international education has continuously increased in recent decades, especially to the United States, United Kingdom and Australia. They come to the country primarily to study and experience a new culture, and not necessarily to pursue immigration opportunities. The study was conducted at high schools in Hanoi city in June 2019. In Vietnam, 12th graders have passed the high school graduation exam and have started enrolling in university. Data collection through questionnaire survey of 400 students. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS 2.0 and SPSS AMOS 2.0 software. The SEM model is used to test the hypotheses, the results show that: students have 5 personality types and all have positive and significant impacts on the intention to study in university. In which personality neuroticism and extraversion act with large regression weights.
Keywords
Big Five; Intention; Study Abroad, Student;University; Vietnam.
References
i Ajzen I (1991) The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 50(2):179–211.
ii Ajzen I, Madden TJ (1986) Prediction of goal-directed behavior: attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. J Exp Soc Psychol 22(5):453–474.
iii Ajzen, I. (2006). Constructing a TpB Questionnaire: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. http://www.people.umass.edu/aizen/pdf/tpb.measurement.pdf.
iv Akrami, N., B. Ekehammar, and R. Bergh. (2011). Generalized Prejudice: Common and Specific Components. Psychological Science 22 (1): 57−59. doi:10.1177/0956797610390384.
v Allik, J., and R. R. McCrae. (2004). Toward a Geography of Personality Traits: Patterns of Profiles across 36 Cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 35 (1): 13−28. doi:10.1177/0022022103260382.
vi Ashwill, M. (2018). Viet Nam Ranks 5th in International Enrollment in 3 Countries. https://markashwill.com/2018/05/16/viet-nam-ranks-5th- international-enrollment-in-3-countries/
vii Barrick, M. R., and Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five Personality Dimensions and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44(1), S. 1–26.
viii Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.86.5.452
ix Bloom, L .(2000). Intentionality and theories of intentionality in development. Hum Dev, 43(3),178–185.
x Bodewig, C., Badiani-Magnusson, R., & Macdonald, K. (2014). Skilling up Vietnam: Preparing the workforce for a modern market economy. Washington DC: World Bank Publications.
xi Bodycott, P. (2009). Choosing a Higher Education Study Abroad Destination – What Mainland Chinese Parents and Students Rates as Important. Journal of Research in International Education, 8(3), 349-373
xii Bourke, A. (2000). A Model of the Determinants Of international Trade in Higher Education. The Service Industries Journal, 20, 110-318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02642060000000007
xiii Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A.Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.). Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park,CA: Sage.
xiv Brunner, M. & Süß, H. (2005). Analyzing the Reliability of Multidimensional Measures: An Example from Intelligence Research. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.856.4612&rep=rep1&type=pdf
xv Byrne, B. M. (1989). A primer of LISREL: Basic applications and programming for confirmatory factor analytic models. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8885-2
xvi Canli, T. (2008). Toward a ‘‘Molecular Psychology’’ of Personality. In Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, 3rd ed., edited by O. P. John, R. W. Robins, and L. A. Pervin, 311−327. New York: Guilford.
xvii Carney, Dana R., John T. Jost, Samuel D. Gosling, and Jeff Potter. (2008). The Secret Lives of Liberals and Conservatives: Personality Profiles, Interaction Styles, and the Things They Leave Behind. Political Psychology, 29 (6): 807−840. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00668.x.
xviii Caspi, A., and B. W. Roberts. (2001). Personality Development across the Life Course: The Argument for Change and Continuity. Psychological Inquiry, 12 (2): 49−66. doi:10.1207/ S15327965PLI1202_01.
xix McCrae, R. R., & Costa Jr., P. T. (2008). The Five-Factor Theory of Personality. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research (3rd ed., pp. 159-181). New York: Guilford Press.
xx Cerny, C.A., & Kaiser, H.F. (1977). A study of a measure of sampling adequacy for factor-analytic correlation matrices. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 12(1), 43-47.
xxi Chen, C.H., and Zimitat, C. (2006). Understanding Taiwanese Students' Decision-Making Factors Regarding Australian International Higher Education. International Journal of Educational Management, 20(2), 91-100
xxii Cheung, A.C.K, Yuen, T.W.W., Yuen, C.Y.M., and Cheng, Y.C. (2011). Strategies and Policies for Hong Kong's Higher Education in Asian Markets: Lessons from the United Kingdom, Australia, and Singapore. International Journal of Educational Management, 25(2), 144-163.
xxiii Chung, K.C., Holdsworth, D.K., Li, Y.Q., and Fam, K.S. (2009). Chinese ‘Little Emperor’, Cultural Values and Preferred Communication Sources for University Choice. Young Consumers:Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers, 10(2), 120-132.
xxiv Claes Fornell and David F. Larcker.(1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research. Vol. 18, No. 1 (Feb., 1981), pp. 39-50
xxv Clark, N . (2013). Vietnam: Trends in international and domestic education. World Education News & Review, 1 June, viewed 17 March 2015. http://wenr.wes.org/2013/06/vietnam-trends-in-international-and-domestic-education/.
xxvi Clavel, T .(2015). Culture, cost and proximity draw Chinese students to Japan. The Japan Times, 22 April, viewed 1 July 2015. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2015/04/22/issues/culture-cost- proximity-draw-chinese-students-japan/#.VZPZsUYnIXx.
xxvii Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of applied psychology, 78(1), 98.
xxviii Counsell, D. (2011). Chinese Students Abroad: Why They Choose the UK And How They See Their Future. China: an international journal, 9(1), 48-71
xxix Crowley, S. L., & Fan, X. (1997). Structural equation modeling: Basic concepts and applications in personality assessment research. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(3), 508–531. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6803_4
xxx Cubillo, J.M., Sánchez, J., and Cerviño, J. (2006). International Students' Decision-Making Process. International Journal of Educational Management, 20(2), 101-115. 49
xxxi Dang Thanh Nhan. (2010). Career orientation for children. Family and Gender Studies Journal, N.5 (2010), 27-38
xxxii Denissen, J. J. A., and L. Penke. (2008). Motivational Individual Reaction Norms Underlying the Five-factor Model of Personality: First Steps towards a Theory-Based Conceptual Frame- work. Journal of Research in Personality, 42 (5): 1285−1302. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.04.002.
xxxiii Doherty, B., & Evershed, N. (2018, 24 March 2018). The changing shape of Australia's immigration policy. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/mar/24/australias-fierce- immigration - debate-is-about-to-get-louder.doi:0.32674/jis.v0i0.731ojed.org/jis
xxxiv Eder, J, Smith, WW & Pitts, RE. ( 2010). Exploring factors influencing student study abroad destination choice. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 232-50.
xxxv Ekehammar, B., and N. Akrami. (2003). The Relation between Personality and Prejudice: A Variable and a Person Centred Approach. European Journal of Personality,17 (6): 449−464. doi:10. 1002/per.494.
xxxvi Engelke, M. (2008). Internationalisation of the Swedish Higher Education System: An Impact Analysis on Student and Employee Satisfaction. (Master dissertation). Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden.
xxxvii English, A. S., Allison, J., & Ma, J. H. (2016). Understanding Western students: Motivations and benefits for studying in China. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(8), 44-55.
xxxviii Frieze, I. H., Boneva, B. S., Sarlija, N., Horvat, J., Ferligoj, A., Kogovsek, T., . . . Jarosova, E. (2004). Psychological differences in stayers and leavers: Emigration desires in Central and Eastern European university students. European Psychologist, 9(1), 15-23. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040 9.1.15
xxxix Gerber, A. S., G. A. Huber, D. Doherty, and C. M. Dowling. (2011. The Big Five Personality Traits in the Political Arena. Annual Review of Political Science 14 (1): 265−287. doi:10.1146/ annurev-polisci-051010-111659.
xl Gerber, A. S., G. A. Huber, D. Doherty, C. M. Dowling, and S. E. Ha. (2010). Personality and Political Attitudes: Relationships across Issue Domains and Political Contexts. American Political Science Review, 104 (1): 111−133. doi:10.1017/S0003055410000031.
xli Gerber, A. S., G. A. Huber, D. Doherty, C. M. Dowling, C. Raso, and S. E. Ha. (2011b). Personality Traits and Participation in Political Processes. The Journal of Politics, 73 (3): 692−706. doi:10.1017/S0022381611000399.
xlii Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48(1), 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.48.1.26
xliii Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R. and Black, W. (1998) Multivariate data analysis. 5th Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
xliv Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., and Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.): Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
xlv Hair.Jr., J. F., Black., W. C., Babin., B. J., Anderson.,R. E., & L.Tatham., R. (2006). Multivariant Data Analysis. New Jersey: Pearson International Edition
xlvi Hampson, S. E., and L. R. Goldberg. (2006). A First Large Cohort Study of Personality Trait Stability over the 40 Years between Elementary School and Midlife. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91 (4): 763−779. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.763.
xlvii Harman, G, Hayden, M & Nghi, PT .(2010). Higher education in Vietnam: reform, challenges and priorities. Springer, The Netherlands.
xlviii Heine, S. J., and E. E. Buchtel.(2009). Personality: The Universal and the Culturally Specific. Annual Review of Psychology 60 (1): 369−394. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163655.
xlix Hemsley-Brown, J & Oplatka, I. (2015). University choice: what do we know, what don't we know and what do we still need to find out?. International Journal of Educational Management, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 254-74.
l Hemsley-Brown, J. (2012). The best education in the worl: reality, repetition or cliché? International students' reasons for choosing an English university. Studies in Higher Education, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 1005-22.
li Ho Quoc Tuan. (2017). Story "fad" to study abroad. [Translated from original Vietnamese].https://www.thesaigontimes.vn/264943/chuyen-mot-du-hoc.html
lii Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling. A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
liii Jin, L., Watkins, D., & Yuen, M. (2009). Personality, career decision self-efficacy and commitment to the career choices among Chinese graduate students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(1), 47-52.
liv John, O. P., L. P. Naumann, and C. J. Soto. (2008). Paradigm Shift to the Integrative Big Five Trait Taxonomy: History, Measurement, and Conceptual Issues. In Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, edited by O. P. John, R. W. Robins, and L. A. Pervin, 114−158. New York: Guilford.
lv Jost, J. T. (2006). The End of the End of Ideology. American Psychologist, 61 (7): 651−670. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.7.651.
lvi Jost, J. T., B. A. Nosek, and S. D. Gosling. (2008). Ideology: Its Resurgence in Social, Personality, and Political Psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science 3 (2): 126−136. doi:10.1111/j.1745- 6916.2008.00070.x..
lvii Kaiser, H. (1974). An index of factor simplicity. Psychometrika, 39: 31–36.
lviii Kline, R.B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
lix Kritz, M. M. (2012). Globalization of higher education and international student mobility. Comparative Education Review, 57(4), 609-636.
lx Landes, D. (2008). Paper Study College Fee for Non-Europeans. The Local - Sweden’s News in English. http://www.thelocal.se/12702/20080627/
lxi Lee, Christina Kwai Choi & Morrish, Sussie C.(2012). Cultural values and higher education choices: Chinese families. Australasian marketing journal, Elsevier, vol. 20(1), pages 59-64. DOI: 10.1016/j.ausmj.2011.10.015
lxii Leung, SE. (2010). Vietnam: an economic survey. Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 83-103.
lxiii Liu, D., & Morgan, W. J. (2016). Students's decision-making about postgraduate education at G University in China: The main factors and the role of family and of teachers. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 25(2), 325-335.
lxiv Nghia, Tran. (2017). Developing generic skills for students via extra-curricular activities in Vietnamese universities: Practices and influential factors. Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 8. 22. 10.21153/jtlge2017vol8no1art624.
lxv Maringe, F. (2006). University and Course Choice: Implications for Positioning, Recruitment and Marketing. International Journal of Educational Management, 20(6), 466-479
lxvi Maringe, F., and Carter, S. (2007). International Students's Motivations for Studying in UK HE: Insights Into The Choice and Decision Making Of African Students. International Journal of Educational Management, 21(6), 459-475
lxvii Marusic, I., Kamenov, Z., & Jelic, M. (2011). Personality and attachment to friends. Drustvena Istrazivanja, 20(4), 1119¬1137. doi: 10.1002/ per.515
lxviii Mazzarol, T & Soutar, GN. (2002). Push-pull factors influencing international student destination choice. International Journal of Educational Management, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 82-90.
lxix Mazzarol, T., and Soutar, G.N. (2000). Push-Pull Factors Influencing International Student Destination Choice. International Journal of Educational Management, 16(2), 82-90
lxx McCarthy, Erin E. and Sen, Arup K. and Fox Garrity, Bonnie. (2012). Factors that Influence Canadian Students’ Choice of Higher Education Institutions in the United States (2012). Business Education & Accreditation, v. 4 (2) pp. 85-95, 2012. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2144995.
lxxi McEachan, C., Conner, M., Taylor, N., & Lawton, R. (2011). Prospective prediction of health-related behavior with the TPB: a meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5(2), 97 – 144.
lxxii Medland, S. E., and P. K. Hatemi. (2009). Political Science, Biometric Theory, and Twin Studies: A Methodological Introduction. Political Analysis, 17 (2): 191−214. doi:10.1093/pan/mpn016.
lxxiii Mischel, W., and Y. Shoda .(1995). A Cognitive-affective System Theory of Personality: Reconcep- tualizing Situations, Dispositions, Dynamics, and Invariance in Personality Structure. Psychological Review, 102 (2): 246−268. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.246.
lxxiv Misra, S., Ghosh, R., & Kanungo, R. N. (1990). Measurement of family involvement: A cross-national study of managers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 21(2), 232-248.
lxxv Mondak, J. J. (2010). Personality and the Foundations of Political Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
lxxvi Mondak, J. J., and K. D. Halperin.(2008). A Framework for the Study of Personality and Political Behaviour. British Journal of Political Science, 38 (2): 335−362. doi:10.1017/S000712340 8000173.
lxxvii Mondak, J. J., M. V. Hibbing, D. Canache, M. A. Seligson, and M. R. Anderson.( 2010). Personality and Civic Engagement: An Integrative Framework for the Study of Trait Effects on Political Behavior. American Political Science Review, 104 (1): 85−110. doi:10.1017/S0003055 409990359.
lxxviii Nachtigall, C., Kroehne, U., Funke, F., & Steyer, R. (2003). (Why) should we use SEM? Pros and cons of structural equation modeling. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2),1-22.
lxxix Nchise, Abinwi. (2012). An Empirical Analysis of the Theory of Planned Behavior, A Review of Its Application on E-democracy Adoption Using the Partial Least Squares Algorithm. JeDEM. 4. 171-182. 10.29379/jedem.v4i2.129.
lxxx Nghia, Tran. (2015). Factors influencing prospective international students’s motivation for overseas study and selection of host countries and institutions: The case of Vietnamese students. Paper presented at the 26th ISANA International Education Association Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 1-4 December, 2015..
lxxxi Nguyen Hong Chi. (2013). Vietnamese international student mobility: past and current trends. Asian Education & Development Studies, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 127-48.
lxxxii Nguyen Thai Quynh Trang. How much money do Vietnamese who study abroad contribute to other national economies?. http://cafef.vn/du-hoc-sinh-viet-dong-gop-bao-nhieu-tien-cho-cac-nen-kinh-te-2018111919240805.chn
lxxxiii Nguyen Xuan Thanh, Le Thi Ha Giang. The role of families in career guidance for high school students. https://doanhnhanplus.vn/vai-tro-cua-gia-dinh-trong-hoat-dong-huong-nghiep-cho-hoc-sinh-trung-hoc-pho-thong-361281.html
lxxxiv Nguyen, H. C. (2013). Vietnamese international student mobility: past and current trends. Asian Education & Development Studies, 2(2), 127-148.
lxxxv Nunnally, J.C. and Bernstein, I.H. (1994). The Assessment of Reliability. Psychometric Theory, 3, 248-292.
lxxxvi Parafianowicz, L. (2009). Foreign Student Fees Delayed Until 2011. The Local - Sweden’s News In English. http://www.thelocal.se/19410/20090512/
lxxxvii Petruzzellis, L., and Romanazzi, S. (2010). Educational Value: How Students Choose University: Evidence From An Italian University. International Journal of Educational Management, 24(2), 139-158
lxxxviii Phan Anh Tu, Trinh Thuy Hang. (2016). Research the factors affecting the intention of studying abroad after graduating of university of economics students in Can Tho University. Can Tho University Journal of Science. 46d: 122-129.
lxxxix Pimpa, N. (2003). The Influence of Family on Thai Students' Choices Of International Education. International Journal of Educational Management, 17(5), 211-219
xc Price, I, Matzdorf, F, Smith, L & Agahi, H . (2003). The impact of facilities on student choice of university. Facilities, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 212-22.
xci Raykov, T. (1997). Estimation of composite reliability for congeneric measures. Applied Psychological Measurement, 21(2), 173-184.
xcii Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. (2006). A first course in structural equation modeling (2nd Ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
xciii Schmitt, D. P., J. Allik, R. R. McCrae, and V. Benet-Martinez. (2007). The Geographic Distribution of Big Five Personality Traits: Patterns and Profiles of Human Self-description across 56 Nations. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 38 (2): 173−212. doi:10.1177/0022022106297299.
xciv Shultz, CJ. (2012). Vietnam: Political Economy, Marketing System. Journal of Macromarketing, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 7-17.
xcv Sibley, C. G., and J. Duckitt. (2008). Personality and Prejudice: A Meta-analysis and Theoretical Review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12 (3): 248−279. doi:10.1177/108886830 8319226.
xcvi Sirat, M, Azman, N & Bakar, AA. (2014). Towards harmonization of higher education in Southeast Asia. Inside Higher Ed, 13 April, viewed 22 July 2015.
xcvii Snedecor, George W. and Cochran, William G. (1989). Statistical Methods (Eighth Edition). Iowa State University Press.
xcviii Spinks, H .(2016). Overseas students: immigration policy changes 1997-2015. Parliamentary Library research paper series 2015-16, 25 February 2016, Parliament of Australia, Canberra, viewed 01 Apr 2020. http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1516/OverseasStudents.
xcix Tariq J, Sajjad A, Usman A, Amjad A. (2017). The role of intentions in facebook usage among educated youth in Pakistan: an extension of the theory of planned behavior. Comput Hum Behav, 74:188–195.
c Terracciano, A., R. R. McCrae, and P. T. Costa.( 2010). Intra-individual Change in Personality Stability and Age. Journal of Research in Personality, 44 (1): 31−37. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009. 09.006.
ci Tran Le Huu Nghia. (2019). Motivations for Studying Abroad and Immigration Intentions: The Case of Vietnamese Students. Journal of International Students Volume 9, Issue 3 (2019), pp. 758-776.ISSN: 2162-3104 (Print), 2166-3750 (Online) doi: 10.32674/jis.v0i0.731ojed.org/jis
cii Tran, L. T., & Vu, T. T. P. (2016). I'm not like that, why treat me the same way? The impact of stereotyping international students on their learning, employability and connectedness with the workplace. The Australian Educational Researcher, 43(2), 203-220.
ciii Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291170
civ Ullman, J. B. (2006). Structural equation modeling: Reviewing the basics and moving forward. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87(1), 35-50.https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8701_03
cv Warshaw PR, Davis FD.(1984). Self-understanding and the accuracy of behavioral expectations. Personal Soc Psychol Bull, 10(1):111–118.
cvi Welch, A .(2013). Ho Chi Minh meets the market: Public and private higher education in Viet Nam. International Education Journal: Comparative Perspectives, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 35-56.
cvii Widaman. F., & Reise, S. P. (1997). Exploring the measurement invariance of psychological instruments: Applications in the substance use domain. In K. J. Bryant, M. Windle, & S. G.West (Eds.), The science of prevention: Methodological advances from alcohol and substance abuse research (pp. 281-324). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10222-009
cviii World Bank 2015, Vietnam. http://data.worldbank.org/country/vietnam.
cix World Bank 2008, Vietnam: Higher education and skills for growth, World Bank, viewed 08/04 2015. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/7814.
cx Yamagata, S., A. Suzuki, J. Ando, Y. Ono, N. Kijima, K. Yoshimura, F. Ostendorf, et al. (2006). Is the Genetic Structure of Human Personality Universal? A Cross-cultural Twin Study from North America, Europe, and Asia. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90 (6): 987−998. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.6.987.
Cite this Article: