The Mushrooming Impact of Technology Business Incubators on Economic Development: A Case Study from Kingdom Of Saudia Arabia

Author(s)

Hasnain Javed , Prof Dr Cai Li , Saba Fazal Firdousi , Muhammad Abdul Wahid Zafar ,

Download Full PDF Pages: 69-83 | Views: 1771 | Downloads: 464 | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3474578

Volume 7 - January 2018 (01)

Abstract

Entrepreneurship and the technological innovation have been widely acknowledged as the key drivers of business success, job creation and overall economic development. There have been diverse frameworks and mechanisms put forth to streamline and support the idea of innovative technological entrepreneurship. The mushrooming mechanisms germinated technology business incubators and it's relevant enterprise support systems which became quite successful in both developed and developing economies. The methodology gave a boost to the promotion of economic development not only confined to industrialized countries but also emerging and restructuring countries besides their discussions locus on impact or either performance. In contemporary times many types of research have been conducted focusing on empirical finding to assess their performance or impact. The purpose of this study is two-fold. Firstly, to provide a conceptual approach based on resource-based dependency theory to determine the impact of technology business on economic development. Secondly, to review the mushrooming impact of technology business incubators as a stimulus for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) networks with special focus on the valuation of the performance of the incubators for the case of Saudia Arabia. Ucinet software is used for establishing the incubator network analysis. Lastly, this study will provide policy recommendations to Kingdom of Saudia Arabia for enhancing their current technology incubators to a level compatible with international economy using the development stages concept

Keywords

Mushrooming, Technology Business Incubators, Economic Development and Small and Medium Enterprises

References

        i.            Abduh, M., D’Souza, C., Quazi, A., Burley, H. T. 2007. Investigating and Classifying Clients’ Satisfaction with Business Incubator Services.Managing Service Quality 17(1), 74–91.

      ii.            Abetti, P. A. (2004). Government-supported incubators in the Helsinki Region, Finland: Infrastructure, results, and best practices. Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(1), 19–40.

    iii.            Adegbite, O. (2001). Business incubators and small enterprise development: the Nigerian experience. Small Business Economics, 17(3), 157–66.

     iv.            Aerts, K., Matthyssens, P., & Vandenbempt, K. (2007). Critical role and screening practices of European business incubators. Technovation, 27(5), 254–67.

       v.            Akçomak, I. S., & Taymaz, E. (2007). Assessing the effectiveness of incubators: the case of Turkey. In V. V. Ramani & A. V.Bala Krishna (Eds.), Business Incubation: An Introduction (pp. 234–64). Hyderabad: Icfai University Press.

     vi.            Akçomak, I.S. (2009). Incubators as tools for entrepreneurship promotion in developing countries, UNU-WIDER and UNU-MERIT research workshop on entrepreneurship, Technological Innovation, and Development held in Maastricht, the Netherlands, 30-31 October 2008

   vii.            Albert, P., & Gaynor, L. (2001). Incubators-growing up, moving out: A review of the literature in European
foundation for management development. ARPENT: Annual Review of Progress in Entrepreneurship.
Brussels: EFMD.       
 Al-Dosary, F., Rahman, S., & Aina, Y. (2006). A communicative planning approach to combat graduate unemployment in Saudi Arabia. Human Resource Development International, 9(3), 397-414.

 viii.            Alfantookh, A., & Bakry, S. H. (2013). Creativity and innovation in higher education research: Problems
and solutions. International Journal of Knowledge Society Research (IJKSR), 4(1), 90-107.

     ix.            Al-Kurdi, U. (2002). New approaches to small and medium enterprises development. Background paper
presented for the Small and Medium Enterprises Session at the Future Vision of the Saudi Economy
Symposium held by Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Planning, Riyadh.
Alshumaimri, A., Aldridge, T., & Audretsch, D. (2010). The university technology transfer revolution in
Saudi Arabia. Journal of Technology Transfer, 35(6), 585-596.

       x.            Allen, D. N., & McCluskey, R. (1990). Structure, policy, services and performance in the business incubator industry. Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, 15(2), 61 –77.

     xi.            Allen, D., & Rahman, S. (1985). Small business incubators: a positive environment for entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 23(July), 12–22.

   xii.            Al-Mubaraki and Busler Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2017) 6:15 Page 15 of 18

 xiii.            Al-Mubaraki and Busler Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2017) 6:15 Page 17 of 18

 xiv.            Al-Mubaraki, H. (2008). Procurement of International Business Incubation– Quantitative and Qualitative approaches. Ely,England: Melrose Books.
Al-Mubaraki, H., & Busler, M. (2010a). Business incubators models of the USA and UK: A SWOT analysis. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 6(4), 335–354

   xv.            Al-Mubaraki, H., & Busler, M. (2010b). Business incubators: Findings from worldwide survey, and guidance for the G.C.C.States. Global Business Review, 11(1), 2010.

 xvi.            Al-Mubaraki, H., & Busler, M. (2010c). Sustainable development through the inclusion of business incubators: A SWOT Analysis. World Sustainable Development Outlook, pp. 51 –63.

xvii.            Al-Mubaraki, H., & Busler, M. (2011a). The development of entrepreneurial companies through business incubator programs. International Journal of Emerging sciences, 1(2), 95–107

xviii.            Al-Mubaraki, H., & Busler, M. (2011b). Innovation, entrepreneurship, job creation, based on incubators: international experience. The Ninth Biennial Conference on Entrepreneurship, 16–18 February 2011, Ahmedabad,India

 xix.            Al-Mubaraki, H., & Busler, M. (2011c). The development of entrepreneurial companies through business incubator programs. International Journal of Emerging Sciences, 1(2), 95–107

   xx.            Al-Mubaraki, H., & Busler, M. (2011d). The incubators economic indicators: mixed approaches. Journal of Case Research in Business and Economics, 4. http://www.aabri.com/manuscripts/11884.pdf

 xxi.            Al-Mubaraki, H., & Busler, M. (2012b). Quantitative and qualitative approaches of incubators as value-added: best practice model. The Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 18, 2012

xxii.            Al-Mubaraki, H., & Busler, M. (2012c). Road map of international business incubation performance. Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies, 6. http://www.aabri.com/manuscripts/121120.pdf.

xxiii.            Al-Mubaraki, H., & Busler, M. (2012d). A comparative study of incubators landscapes in the Europe and Middle East. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(10).

xxiv.            Al-Mubaraki, H., & Busler, M. (2012e). Fostering the innovation and entrepreneurship in developing countries. International Journal of Innovative Research in Management, 1, 67–73

xxv.            Al-Mubaraki, H., & Busler, M. (2013). Fostering the innovation and entrepreneurship in developing countries.International Journal of Innovative Research in Management, 1(1), 67–73.

xxvi.            Al-Mubaraki, H., & Busler, M. (2014). Incubator successes. World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 11(1), 44–52.

xxvii.            Al-Mubaraki, H., & Schrödl, H. (2011). Measuring the effectiveness of business incubators: a four dimensions approach from a Gulf Cooperation Council perspective. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 19(4), 435–452.

xxviii.            Al-Mubaraki, H., & Schrödl, H. (2012a). Incubating success towards Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). International Journal of Innovation and Knowledge Management in Middle East & North Africa, 1(2), 31 –56

xxix.            Al-Mubaraki, H., & Schrödl, H. (2012b). Measuring the effectiveness of business incubators: a four dimensions approach from a Gulf Cooperation Council perspective. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 19(4), 435–452

xxx.            Al-Mubaraki, H., Ahmed, A., & Al-Ajmei, R. (2014). Best practices of business incubators in developed and developing countries: the roadmap for the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. University of Sussex, England: World Association for Sustainable Development

xxxi.            Al-Mubaraki, H., Al-Sharrah, G., & Aruna, M. (2012). Ranking business incubation: mathematical techniques. International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development, 4(6), 466–487. http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=234.

xxxii.            Al-Mubaraki, H., Muhammad, A., & Busler, M. (2015a). Innovation and entrepreneurship powerful tools for a modern knowledge-based economy. Springer Publishers, www.springer.com

xxxiii.            Al-Mubaraki, H., Muhammad, A., & Busler, M. (2015b). Measuring innovation: the use of indicators in developed countries. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 11 (3).

xxxiv.            Atherton, A., & Hannon, P. D. (2006). Localised strategies for supporting incubation: Strategies arising from a case of rural enterprise development. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(1), 48–61.

xxxv.            Autio, E., & Kloftsen, M. (1998). A comparative study of two European business incubators. Journal of Small Business Management, 36(1), 30–43.

xxxvi.            Avnimelech, G., Schwartz, D., & Bar-El, R. (2007). Entrepreneurial high tech development policy: Israel’s experience with two policy instruments. European Planning Studies, 15(9), 1181 –1198.

xxxvii.            Bearse, P. (1998a). A question of evaluation: NBIA’s impact assessment of business incubators. Economic Development Quarterly, 12(4), 322–333

xxxviii.            Bergek, A., Norrman, C. 2008. Incubator Best Practice: A Framework. Technovation 28(1 -2), 20-28.

xxxix.            Bøllingtoft, A., Ulhøi, J. P. 2005. The Networked Business Incubator—Leveraging Entrepreneurial Agency?. Journal of Business Venturing 20(2), 265 – 290.

     xl.            Brooks, O. J. (1986). Economic development through entrepreneurship: incubators and the incubation process. Economic Development Review, 4(2), 24–29.

   xli.            Bryman, A. (2007). Qualitative data analysis. London, UK: SAGE Publications.
Campbell, C. (1989). Change agents in the new economy: Business incubators and economic development.

 xlii.            Campbell, C., Kendrick, R. C., & Samuelson, D. S. (1985). Stalking the latent entrepreneur: business incubators and economic development. Economic Development Review, 3(2), 43–49.

xliii.            Campbell, D. F. J., & Carayannis, E. G. (2014). Explaining and comparing quality of democracy in quadruple helix structures: the quality of democracy in the United States and in Austria, challenges and opportunities for development. In E. G. Carayannis, D. F. J. Campbell, & M. P. Efthymiopoulos (Eds.), Cyber-development, cyberAl-Mubaraki and Busler Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2017) 6:15 Page 16 of 18 democracy and cyber-defense. challenges, oppor tunities and implications for theory, policy and practice (pp. 117–148). New York, NY: Springer. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1028-1_4.

xliv.            Chan, K. F., & Lau, T. (2005). Assessing technology incubator programs in the science park: the good, the bad and the ugly. Technovation, 25(10), 1215–1228.

 xlv.            Chandra, A., & Fealey, T. (2009. Business incubation in the United States, China and Brazil: A comparison of role of government, incubator funding and financial services. international journal of entrepreneurship: Special Issue, 13,67-86.Accessed on July 27, 2016 from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 1980050591).

xlvi.            Colombo, M. G., & Delmastro, M. (2002). How effective are technology incubators: Evidence from Italy. Research Policy, 31(7), 1103–1122.

xlvii.            Cooper, S. Y., & Park, J. S. (2008). The impact of ‘incubator’ organizations on opportunity recognition and technology innovation in new, entrepreneurial high-technology ventures. International Small Business Journal, 26(1), 27–56.

xlviii.            Culp, R. (1996). A test of business growth through analysis of a technology business incubator. Ph.D. Dissertation. Atlanta,GA: Georgia Institute of Technology.
Duff, A. (2004). Best practice in incubator management. http://www.eifn.ipacv.ro/include/documentations_files/ bestpracrpt.pdf. Accessed 20 February 2016          
EC (European Commission). (2002). Benchmarking of Business Incubators, Final Report. Brussels
EC (European Commission). (2010). EUROPE 2020: A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth.http://eceuropa.eu/eu2020/pdf/COMPLET%20EN%20BARROSO%20%20%20007%20%20Europe%202020%20-%20EN%20version.pdf. Accessed 5 January 2016/Economic Development Review, 7(2), 56–59.

xlix.            empirical investigation in Italy. Journal of Technology Transfer, 1(4), 459–468.

        l.            Erlewine, M., & Gerl, E. (2004). A comprehensive guide to business incubation. Athens, Ohio: National
Business Incubation Association.

      li.            Etzkowitz, H., Carvalho de Mello, J. M., & Almeida, M. (2005). Towards “meta-innovation” in Brazil: the evolution of the incubator and the emergence of a triple helix. Research Policy, 34(4), 411 –24.

    lii.            Frenkel, A., Shefer, D., & Miller, M. (2008). Public versus private technological incubator programmes: privatizing the technological incubators in Israel. European Planning Studies, 16(2), 189–210.
Fry, F. L. (1987). The role of incubators in small business planning. American Journal of Small Business, 12(1), 51 –61.

  liii.            Gassmann, O., & Becker, B. (2006). Towards a resource-based view of corporate incubators. International Journal of Innovation Management, 10(1), 19–45.

   liv.            Grimaldi, R., & Grandi, A. (2005). Business incubators and new venture creation: An assessment of
incubating models. Technovation, 25(2), 111 -121.

     lv.            Hackett, S., & Dilts, D. M. (2004a). The real options-driven theory of business incubation. Journal of Technology Transfer,29(1), 41 –54

   lvi.            Hackett, S., & Dilts, D. M. (2004b). A systematic review of business incubation research. Journal of Technology Transfer,29(1), 55–82

 lvii.            Hannon, P. (2005). Incubation policy and practice: building practitioner and professional capability. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12(1), 57–78.
Hansen, M. T., Chesbrough, H., Norhoa, N., & Sull, D. (2000). Networked incubators: Hothouses of the new economy. Harvard Business Review, 74–84.

lviii.            Hardy, R. (2010). Report of COUNCIL ON GOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS. Available online: http://www.cogr.edu/sites/default/files/21_Questions_Paper.pdf

   lix.            Hillman, A. J., Withers, M. C., Collins, B. J. 2009. Resource Dependence Theory: A Review. Journal of Management. doi:1 0.1177/0149206309343469.

     lx.            Hisrich, R. D. (1988). New business formation through the enterprise development center: a model for new venture creation. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, EM-35(4), 221 –231.

   lxi.            Hockerts, K. 2006. Entrepreneurial Opportunity in Social Purpose Business Ventures. Social entrepreneurship 1, 142-154.

 lxii.            Hsu, P. H., Shyu, J. Z., Yu, H. C., You, C. C., & Lo, T. S. (2003). Exploring the interaction between incubators and industrial clusters: the case of the ITRI incubator in Taiwan. R&D Management, 33(1), 79–90.

a.      http://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/EJBM/issue/view/208

lxiii.            Hughes, M., Hughes, P., Morgan, R. E. 2007. Exploitative Learning and Entrepreneurial Orientation Alignment in Emerging Young Firms:Implications for Market and Response Performance. British Journal ofManagement 18(4), 359-375.

lxiv.            Hughes, M., Ireland, R. D., & Morgan, R. E. (2007). Stimulating dynamic value: social capital and business incubation as pathway to competitive success. Long Range Planning, 40, 154–77.

 lxv.            Hytti, U., & Maki, K. (2007). Which firms benefit most from the incubators? International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 7(6), 506–523.

lxvi.            InfoDev. (2009). Mixed-use Incubator Handbook: A Start-up Guide for Incubator Developers, JBV 2002. Lesson 17: Business incubators. www.jbv.com/lessons/lesson17. Accessed 5 January 2016.

lxvii.            Kim, H., & Ames, M. (2006). Business incubators as economic development tools: rethinking models based on the Korea experience. International Journal of Technology Management, 33(1), 1 –24.

lxviii.            Kuratko, D. F., & LaFollette, W. R. (1987). Small business incubators for local economic development. Economic Development Review, 5(2), 49–55.

lxix.            Lalkaka, R. (2002). Technology business incubators to help build an innovation-based economy. Journal of
Change Management, 3(2), 167-176.

 lxx.            Lalkaka, R. (2002). Technology business incubators to help build an innovation-based economy. Journal of Change Management, 3(2), 167–176.

lxxi.            Lalkaka, R. (2006). Technology business incubation: A toolkit on innovation in engineering, science and
technology. Paris: UNESCO Pub.

lxxii.            Lee, S. S., & Osteryoung, J. S. (2004). A comparison of critical success factors for effective operations of university business incubators in the United States and Korea. Journal of Small Business Management, 42(4), 418–26.

lxxiii.            Lourenco, M. (2004). Understanding communication network development and business incubation.
Kentucky: University of Louisville.

lxxiv.            Lumpkin, J. R., & Ireland, R. D. (1988). Screening Practices of New Business Incubators: The Evaluation of Critical Success Factors. American Journal of Small Business, 12(4), 59–81.
McAdam, M., & Marlow, S. (2007). The university incubator: insights in the entrepreneurial process from a network perspective. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 14(4), 270–285.

lxxv.            McAdam, M., & McAdam, R. (2008). High tech start-ups in university science park. incubators: the relationship between the start-up’s lifecycle progression and use of the incubator’s resources. Technovation, 28(5), 277–90.

lxxvi.            McAdam, M., Galbraith, B., McAdam, R., & Humphreys, P. (2006). Business processes and networks in university incubators: a review and research agendas. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 18(5), 451 –72.

lxxvii.            Merrifield, D. B. (1987). New business incubators. Journal of Business Venturing, 2, 277–284.
Mian, S. A. (1994a). Are university technology incubators providing a milieu for technology-based entrepreneurship? Technology Management, 1, 86–93

lxxviii.            Mian, S. A. (1994b). U.S. university-sponsored technology incubators: an overview of management, policies, and performance. Technovation, 14(8), 515–528

lxxix.            Mian, S. A. (1996a). Assessing the value-added contributions of university technology business incubators to tenant firms. Research Policy, 25, 325–35

lxxx.            Mian, S. A. (1996b). The university business incubator: a strategy for developing new research/technology-based firms. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 7, 191 –208

lxxxi.            Mian, S. A. 1997. Assessing and Managing the University Technology Business Incubator: An Integrative Framework. Journal of Business Venturing 12(4), 251 –285.

lxxxii.            Michelle, S. (2003). Business incubation in inner-city emerging markets as economic development tool.
Texas: University of Texas.

lxxxiii.            NBIA (National Business Incubation Association). (2007). Suggested Metrics. NBIA: A Toolkit. www.nbia.org/impact/ suggested_metrics.php. Accessed 9 January 2016

lxxxiv.            NBIA (National Business Incubation Association). (2009). What is Business Incubation? Accessed 11 January 2016.

lxxxv.            NBIA (National Business Incubation Association). (2012). State of the business incubation industry. Athens, Ohio: NBIA Publications.

lxxxvi.            NBIA. (2006). State of the business incubation industry. Retrieved from: www.nbia.org
National U.S.-Arab Chamber of Commerce. (2010). Incubating the future: Entrepreneurship in Saudi
Arabia. National U.S. -Arab Chamber of Commerce, 18(1), 2010. Retrieved from
http://www.saudiembassy.net/files/PDF/Publications/Magazine/US-Arab_Tradeline_Spring_2010.pdf

lxxxvii.            O’Sullivan, A., & Sheffrin, S. M. (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

lxxxviii.            OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). (1997). Technology incubators: nurturing small firms. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development.

lxxxix.            OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). (2010). Ministerial report on the

a.      OECD Innovation Strategy. Innovation to strengthen growth and address global and social challenges key findings. http://www.oecd.org/document/7/0,3343,en_2649_201185_44222919_1_1_1_1,00.html.

   xc.            Olaopa, R., Siyanbola, W. 2012. Technology Business Incubation as Strategy for SME Development: How Far, How Well in Nigeria? Science and Technology 2(6), 172-181.

 xci.            Pappas, P. (2003). The university’s role in economic development: From research to outreach. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

xcii.            Pena, I. (2004). Business incubation centers and new firm growth in the Basque Country. Small Business Economics,22(3–4), 223–36.

xciii.            Peters, L., Rice, M., & Sundararajan, M. (2004). The role of incubators in the entrepreneurial process.
Journal of Technology Transfer, 29, 83-91.

xciv.            Pfeffer, J., Salancik, G. R. 2003. The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective: Stanford University Press

xcv.            Phillips, R. G. (2002). Technology business incubators: how effective as technology transfer mechanism? Technology in Society, 24, 299–316.

xcvi.            Plosila, W., & Allen, D. N. (1985). Small business incubators and public policy: implications for states and local development strategies. Policy Studies Journal, 13, 729–734.

xcvii.            Radwan, I., & Al-Kibbi, J. (2002). Small and medium enterprise development: A version for action in
Saudi Arabia. Background Paper Presented for the Small and Medium Enterprises Session at the Future at the Future Vision of the Saudi Economy Symposium held by Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of
Planning. Riyadh.

xcviii.            Rothaermel, F. T., & Thursby, M. (2005a). Incubator firm failure or graduation? The role of university linkages. Research Policy, 34(7), 1076–1090

xcix.            Rothaermel, F. T., & Thursby, M. (2005b). University-incubator firm knowledge flows: assessing their impact on incubator firm performance. Research Policy, 34(3), 305–320

       c.            Rothschild, L., & Darr, A. (2005). Technological incubators and the social construction of innovation networks: an Israeli case study. Technovation, 25, 59–67.

     ci.            Salami, A., Kamara, A. B., Brixiova, Z. 2010. Smallholder Agriculture in East Africa: Trends, Constraints and Opportunities. Tunis, Tunisia: African Development Bank.

   cii.            Schwartz, M., & Hornych, C. (2008). Specialization as strategy for business incubators: an assessment of the central German multimedia center. Technovation, 28, 436–449.

 ciii.            Schwartz, M., Göthner, M. 2009. A Multidimensional Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Business Incubators: An Application of the PROMETHEE Outranking Method. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 27(6), 1072-1087.

 civ.            Shefer, D., & Frenkel, A. (2002). An evaluation of the Israeli Technological Incubator Program and its projects. Israeli Financing Instruments for the Support of Entrepreneurship

   cv.            Smilor, R. W. (1987). Managing the incubator system: critical success factors to accelerate new company development.IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, EM-34(4), 146–156.

 cvi.            Smilor, R. W., & Gill, M. D. (1986). The new business incubator: linking talent, technology, capital, and know-how. Massachusetts: Lexington Books.

cvii.            Somsuk, N., Laosirihongthong, T. 2014. A Fuzzy AHP to Prioritize Enabling Factors for Strategic Management of University Business Incubators: Resource-based View. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 85, 198-210.

cviii.            Studdard, N. L. (2006). The effectiveness of entrepreneurial firm’s knowledge acquisition from a business incubator International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2, 211 –25.

 cix.            Sweeney, G. P. (1987). Innovation, entrepreneurship and regional development. London: Francis Pinter. Temali, M., & Campbell, C. (1984). Business incubator profiles: a national survey. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota,Hebert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs.

   cx.            Thierstein, A., & Wilhelm, B. (2001). Incubator, technology and innovation centres in Switzerland: features and policy implications. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 13(4), 315–31.

 cxi.            Thirlwall, A. P. 2006. Growth and development (Vol. 2). Basingstoke, UK: PalgraveMacmillan.

cxii.            Totterman, H., & Sten, J. (2005). Start-ups: business incubation and social capital. International Journal of Small Business,23, 487–511.

cxiii.            Tötterman, H., Sten, J. 2005. Start-ups: Business Incubation and Social Capital. International Small Business Journal 23(5), 487–511.

cxiv.            UKBI (United Kingdom Business Incubation). (2007). What is business incubation? http://www.ukbi.co.uk. Accessed 28 May 2016.

cxv.            Voisey, P., Gornall, L., Jones, P., & Thomas, B. (2006). The measurement of success in a business incubation project.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(3), 454–468.

cxvi.            Volkmann, C. (2004). Entrepreneurship studies - An ascending academic discipline in the twenty-first
century. Higher Education in Europe, 29(2), 177-185.

cxvii.            Von Zedtwitz, M., & Grimaldi, R. (2006). Are service profiles incubator-specific? results from an

cxviii.            Wagner, K. (2006). Business development incubator programs: An assessment in Missouri. San Francisco:
Capella University Press.

cxix.            Wagner, K. V. (2006). Business development incubator programs! An Assessment of performance in Missouri. A Dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of philosophy.Capeila University Wynarczyk, P., & Raine, A. (2005). The performance of business incubators and their potential development in the north seast region of England. Local Economy, 20(2), 205–220.

cxx.            WORLD COMMISSION on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT. 1987. Our common future, New York: Oxford University Press, NY.

a.      www.worldsustainable.org

Cite this Article: