Does Media Play a Vital Role in the Objectification of Women As a Sex Symbol?
Author(s)
Dr. Masood Hassan , Farzan Ahmed , Laiba Jamshed Khan , Muhammad Hamza Khan , Osama Bin Aasim , Shahab Sheikh ,
Download Full PDF Pages: 126-137 | Views: 249 | Downloads: 71 | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6912044
Abstract
The Media has significant impact of life of humans, the Main stream media plays vital role in depicting the role of women in adverting and presenting women as source of motivation and symbol of Sex in advertising. The media depicts the false and unreal image of women in advertising and this consider as false paradigm, it uses women as tool for motivation and depicts are source of sex to sale their products and services. The women physical appearance, body, image, behavioral standards are used as symbol of attraction for men and show beauty to men, this is considered as self-objectification, as women are used as object for selling the brands. The meta analysis performed to analyzed the role of women, exploitation of their role in adverting, in content, brand promotions, discount offers, sales. The perception of people may differ, few women themselves consider this is not ethical and marketers are used as objectification but few believes that there is no harm, and this is part of life and show false role of women as for marketing and sales only.
Keywords
Advertisements, Media misrepresentation, Marketing, Sex symbol, Self-objectification, Sexual visualization, Video games.
References
Andrew, R., Tiggemann, M., & Clark, L. (2016). Predicting body appreciation in young women: An integrated model of positive body image. Body image, 18, 34-42.
Arendt, F. (2013). Dose-dependent media priming effects of stereotypic newspaper articles on implicit and explicit stereotypes. Journal of Communication, 63(5), 830-851.
Arroyo, A., & Brunner, S. R. (2016). Negative body talk as an outcome of friends’ fitness posts on social networking sites: Body surveillance and social comparison as potential moderators. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 44(3), 216-235.
Aubrey, J. S. (2006). Effects of sexually objectifying media on self-objectification and body surveillance in undergraduates: Results of a 2-year panel study. Journal of Communication, 56, 366–386
Aubrey, J. S. (2007). The impact of sexually objectifying media exposure on negative body emotions and sexual self-perceptions: Investigating the mediating role of body self-consciousness. Mass Communication & Society, 10(1), 1-23.
Aubrey, J. S. (2010). Looking good versus feeling good: An investigation of media frames of health advice and their effects on women’s body-related self-perceptions. Sex Roles, 63, 50–63. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9768-4
Barlett, C. P., Vowels, C. L., & Saucier, D. A. (2008). Meta-analyses of the effects of media images on men's body-image concerns. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 27(3), 279-310.
Barzoki, M. H., Mohtasham, L., Shahidi, M., & Tavakol, M. (2017). Self-objectification and self-sexualization behavior within consumer culture. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 12(2), 425-438.
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021). Introduction to meta-analysis. John Wiley & Sons.
Calogero, R. M., Herbozo, S., & Thompson, J. K. (2009). Complimentary weightism: The potential costs of appearance-related commentary for women's self-objectification. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33(1), 120-132.
Capodilupo, C. M., & Kim, S. (2014). Gender and race matter: The importance of considering intersections in Black women’s body image. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(1), 37.
Choma, B. L., Visser, B. A., Pozzebon, J. A., Bogaert, A. F., Busseri, M. A., & Sadava, S. W. (2010). Self-objectification, self-esteem, and gender: Testing a moderated mediation model. Sex roles, 63(9), 645-656.
Dakanalis, A., Di Mattei, V. E., Bagliacca, E. P., Prunas, A., Sarno, L., Riva, G., & Zanetti, M. A. (2012). Disordered eating behaviors among Italian men: Objectifying media and sexual orientation differences. Eating Disorders, 20(5), 356-367.
Eveland Jr, W. P. (2003). A “mix of attributes” approach to the study of media effects and new communication technologies. Journal of Communication, 53(3), 395-410.
Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P. C., Vartanian, L. R., & Halliwell, E. (2015). The mediating role of appearance comparisons in the relationship between media usage and self-objectification in young women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39(4), 447-457.
Field, A. P. (2015). Dread returns to mega-silly one. Health Psychology Review, 9(1), 15-20.
Ford, T. E., Woodzicka, J. A., Petit, W. E., Richardson, K., & Lappi, S. K. (2015). Sexist humor as a trigger of state self-objectification in women. Humor, 28(2), 253-269.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of women quarterly, 21(2), 173-206.
Galdi, S., Maass, A., & Cadinu, M. (2014). Objectifying media: Their effect on gender role norms and sexual harassment of women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(3), 398-413.
Gill, R. (2009). Beyond thesexualization of culture'thesis: An intersectional analysis ofsixpacks',midriffs' andhot lesbians' in advertising. Sexualities, 12(2), 137-160.
Grey, M. J., Horgan, T. G., Long, T. A., Herzog, N. K., & Lindemulder, J. R. (2016). Contrasting objectification and competence: Body-competent images of women relieve women of self-objectification. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 28(2), 88.
Hall, P., West, J. H., & McIntyre, E. (2012). Female self-sexualization in MySpace. com personal profile photographs. Sexuality & culture, 16(1), 1-16.
Hausenblas, H. A., Campbell, A., Menzel, J. E., Doughty, J., Levine, M., & Thompson, J. K. (2013). Media effects of experimental presentation of the ideal physique on eating disorder symptoms: A meta-analysis of laboratory studies. Clinical psychology review, 33(1), 168-181.
Holland, G., & Tiggemann, M. (2016). A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes. Body image, 17, 100-110.
Jongenelis, M. I., Byrne, S. M., & Pettigrew, S. (2014). Self-objectification, body image disturbance, and eating disorder symptoms in young Australian children. Body Image, 11(3), 290-302.
Karsay, K., Matthes, J. (2015). Sexualizing pop music videos, self-objectification, and selective exposure: A moderated mediation model. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), August 6–9, San Francisco, CA.
Levine, M. P., & Murnen, S. K. (2009). " Everybody knows that mass media are/are not [pick one] a cause of eating disorders": A critical review of evidence for a causal link between media, negative body image, and disordered eating in females. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(1), 9.
Lindner, D., Tantleff-Dunn, S., & Jentsch, F. (2012). Social comparison and the ‘circle of objectification’. Sex roles, 67(3), 222-235.
Manago, A. M., Ward, L. M., Lemm, K. M., Reed, L., Seabrook, R. (2015). Facebook involvement, objectified body consciousness, body shame, and sexual assertiveness in college women and men. Journal of Sex Roles, 72, 1–14.
Michaels, M. S., Parent, M. C., Moradi, B. (2013). Does exposure to muscularity-idealizing images have self-objectification consequences for heterosexual and sexual minority men? Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 14, 175–183.
Rosenthal, R., DiMatteo, M. R. (2001). Meta-analysis. Recent developments in quantitative methods for literature reviews. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 59–82.
Tiggemann, M., Slater, A. (2013). NetGirls: The internet, Facebook, and body image concern in adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46, 630–633
Vandenbosch, L., Eggermont, S. (2012). Understanding sexual objectification: A comprehensive approach toward media exposure and girls’ internalization of beauty ideals, self-objectification, and body surveillance. Journal of Communication, 62, 869–887
Vandenbosch, L., Muise, A., Eggermont, S., Impett, E. A. (2015). Sexualizing reality television: Associations with trait and state self-objectification. Body Image, 13, 62–66.
Zurbriggen, E. L., Ramsey, L. R., Jaworski, B. K. (2011). Self- and partner-objectification in romantic relationships: Associations with media consumption and relationship satisfaction. Sex Roles, 64, 449–462.
Cite this Article: